Top 72 Alternatives to Playwright Test for Web Testing

Introduction and context

Web UI testing has come a long way since Selenium popularized the WebDriver standard, opening the door for language-agnostic browser automation. While Selenium became the de facto choice for over a decade, new frameworks emerged to address developer experience, speed, and reliability. One of the most prominent is Playwright, created by Microsoft, which provides a modern browser automation engine with first-class support for Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit.

On top of the core automation library, Playwright ships with Playwright Test—a purpose-built test runner focused on web testing. It offers powerful features out of the box: parallel execution, robust auto-waiting, cross-browser testing, fixtures, rich reporters, and an excellent trace viewer for deep debugging. It is open source (Apache-2.0), primarily used with JavaScript/TypeScript, and widely adopted due to its reliable execution model, fast feedback loops, and strong CI/CD integration.

Despite its strengths, teams sometimes seek alternatives or complementary tools. Reasons range from language/ecosystem preferences and enterprise requirements to non-browser testing needs (mobile, APIs, load, security, a11y, or visual validation). This guide maps the landscape of top alternatives—spanning end-to-end UI frameworks, device clouds, visual and accessibility tools, performance platforms, BDD frameworks, and more—so you can choose what best fits your context.

Overview: the top 72 Playwright Test alternatives

Here are the top 72 alternatives for Playwright Test: Appium, Applitools Eyes, Artillery, BackstopJS, BitBar, BlazeMeter, BrowserStack Automate, Burp Suite (Enterprise), Capybara, Checkly, Cucumber, Cypress, Cypress Cloud, Cypress Component Testing, Datadog Synthetic Tests, Eggplant Test, FitNesse, Functionize, Gatling, Gauge, Geb, Happo, IBM Rational Functional Tester, JMeter, Jest, Karate, Katalon Platform (Studio), LambdaTest, Lighthouse CI, LoadRunner, Locust, Loki, Mabl, Micro Focus Silk Test, Microsoft Playwright Testing, NeoLoad, New Relic Synthetics, Nightwatch.js, OWASP ZAP, Pa11y, Percy, Perfecto, Pingdom, Playwright, Playwright Component Testing, Protractor (deprecated), QA Wolf, Ranorex, Robot Framework + SeleniumLibrary, Sahi Pro, Sauce Labs, Selene (Yashaka), Selenide, Selenium, Serenity BDD, Squish, Storybook Test Runner, Taiko, TestCafe, TestCafe Studio, TestComplete, Testim, Tricentis Tosca, UFT One (formerly QTP), Virtuoso, Vitest, Watir, WebdriverIO, axe-core / axe DevTools, k6, reg-suit, testRigor.

Why look for Playwright Test alternatives?

• Broader platform coverage: Need native mobile (iOS/Android), desktop, SAP, or embedded UI testing.

• Different languages/tooling: Preference or mandate for Java, Python, C#, Ruby, or low-code approaches.

• Enterprise features: Centralized management, governance, role-based access, or vendor support requirements.

• Visual, a11y, security, or performance: Specialized testing types beyond functional browser automation.

• Synthetic monitoring: Production checks and SLAs, not just pre-release testing.

• Infrastructure constraints: Need a managed cloud grid or real-device lab at scale.

• Team collaboration style: BDD, model-based testing, or English/NLP-style authoring.

• Cost and scaling: Optimize for licensing, parallelization, and compute usage.

• Ecosystem alignment: Prefer a runner that fits Jest/Vitest pipelines or a tool that integrates with existing monitoring.

Detailed breakdown of Playwright Test alternatives

Appium

What it is: Open-source cross-platform automation for iOS, Android, and mobile web, built on WebDriver. Core strengths:

• Real devices and emulators

• Broad language bindings

• Large ecosystem and CI support

How it compares to Playwright Test: If you need native mobile or mobile web on real devices, Appium is a better fit; it complements Playwright rather than replaces it.

Applitools Eyes

What it is: AI-powered visual testing platform with a fast, parallelized rendering grid. Core strengths:

• Smart visual diffs

• Ultrafast Grid for speed

• Broad SDK support

How it compares to Playwright Test: Use alongside Playwright for visual coverage; it focuses on appearance rather than functional flow execution.

Artillery

What it is: Developer-friendly load/performance testing for web, APIs, and protocols. Core strengths:

• Scalable load generation

• Good developer experience

• Integrations with observability

How it compares to Playwright Test: Serves performance testing needs; pair with Playwright for functional and Artillery for performance.

BackstopJS

What it is: Open-source visual regression testing using headless Chrome. Core strengths:

• Easy visual snapshots

• CI-friendly workflows

• Simple configuration

How it compares to Playwright Test: Adds visual diffs; you can keep Playwright for functional tests and BackstopJS for UI comparisons.

BitBar

What it is: SmartBear’s cloud of real mobile devices and browsers. Core strengths:

• Real-device access

• Multi-framework support

• Enterprise features

How it compares to Playwright Test: Not a runner replacement; it’s a hosted grid that runs Playwright, Selenium, and others at scale.

BlazeMeter

What it is: SaaS performance testing compatible with JMeter, Gatling, and k6 styles. Core strengths:

• Managed, scalable load

• Reporting/analytics

• CI/CD integrations

How it compares to Playwright Test: Targets performance and API load; use alongside Playwright for functional coverage.

BrowserStack Automate

What it is: Large hosted grid for browsers and real mobile devices. Core strengths:

• Huge device/browser coverage

• Parallelization at scale

• Supports Playwright/Selenium/Cypress

How it compares to Playwright Test: Run your Playwright suites on a cloud grid for coverage; it complements rather than replaces the runner.

Burp Suite (Enterprise)

What it is: Enterprise DAST scanner for web and APIs. Core strengths:

• Automated security scans

• Enterprise scheduling/reporting

• Integration with pipelines

How it compares to Playwright Test: Security-focused and complementary; not a functional test runner.

Capybara

What it is: Ruby DSL for acceptance tests, often with RSpec or Cucumber. Core strengths:

• Concise DSL

• Works with Selenium/others

• Strong Ruby community

How it compares to Playwright Test: Prefer if your stack is Ruby-centric; Playwright Test offers richer traces and JS/TS tooling.

Checkly

What it is: Synthetics and browser checks as code, powered by Playwright. Core strengths:

• Global monitoring

• CI-friendly as code

• Built-in dashboards

How it compares to Playwright Test: Production-focused synthetics; runs Playwright under the hood to monitor user flows after release.

Cucumber

What it is: BDD framework using Gherkin for readable acceptance criteria. Core strengths:

• Shared language with business

• Wide runner support

• Ecosystem of plugins

How it compares to Playwright Test: Use when BDD collaboration is key; can drive Playwright via step definitions if desired.

Cypress

What it is: Popular JS/TS E2E tool with time-travel debugging and strong DX. Core strengths:

• Fast local feedback

• Dev-friendly tooling

• Active ecosystem

How it compares to Playwright Test: Similar developer experience; Cypress offers a distinct architecture and UI, while Playwright emphasizes cross-browser parity and tracing.

Cypress Cloud

What it is: Managed service for Cypress runs, insights, and parallelization. Core strengths:

• Parallel execution

• Flake detection

• Dashboards and insights

How it compares to Playwright Test: Complements Cypress; analogous to running Playwright with a cloud CI and dashboard stack.

Cypress Component Testing

What it is: Run UI components in a real browser with Cypress. Core strengths:

• Fast component feedback

• Framework adapters

• Interactive debugging

How it compares to Playwright Test: Focuses on component scope; Playwright Test handles full E2E better, but Playwright has its own component testing too.

Datadog Synthetic Tests

What it is: Browser and API synthetics tied to Datadog’s observability suite. Core strengths:

• Production monitoring

• Alerting and SLOs

• CI and tag-based management

How it compares to Playwright Test: A monitoring solution rather than a dev runner; use for post-deploy checks and SLAs.

Eggplant Test

What it is: Model-based testing with image recognition across desktop, web, and mobile. Core strengths:

• Model-based approach

• Image-based automation

• Cross-platform coverage

How it compares to Playwright Test: Targets complex UIs and non-browser platforms; heavier-weight but broader reach.

FitNesse

What it is: Wiki-centric acceptance testing with fixtures. Core strengths:

• Executable documentation

• Business-readable tests

• Integrates with many stacks

How it compares to Playwright Test: More about collaborative ATDD than fast browser automation; can integrate with WebDriver for UI.

Functionize

What it is: AI-assisted E2E platform with self-healing selectors. Core strengths:

• ML-driven locators

• Low-code authoring

• Cloud execution

How it compares to Playwright Test: Commercial, low-code approach; good for less code-heavy teams needing resilience.

Gatling

What it is: High-performance load testing with a Scala-based DSL. Core strengths:

• Efficient engine

• Code-as-load-tests

• Great reporting

How it compares to Playwright Test: For performance at scale; pair with Playwright for functionality.

Gauge

What it is: ThoughtWorks’ open-source, spec-based testing framework. Core strengths:

• Readable specs

• Multi-language support

• Plugin ecosystem

How it compares to Playwright Test: Choose when you want spec-style authoring; can drive browsers via Playwright or Selenium.

Geb

What it is: Groovy/Spock DSL for browser automation. Core strengths:

• Expressive DSL

• Spock integration

• Page object focus

How it compares to Playwright Test: Strong in Groovy/Java shops; Playwright Test leads in JS/TS with richer tracing/debug tooling.

Happo

What it is: Component visual regression platform for CI. Core strengths:

• Component snapshots

• CI integration

• Parallelized comparisons

How it compares to Playwright Test: Visual snapshots for components; complements Playwright by catching visual diffs early.

IBM Rational Functional Tester

What it is: Legacy enterprise functional UI automation for desktop and web. Core strengths:

• Enterprise features

• Legacy tech support

• Centralized control

How it compares to Playwright Test: Heavier and enterprise-oriented; Playwright Test is lighter, modern, and developer-centric.

JMeter

What it is: Classic load testing tool for web, APIs, and protocols. Core strengths:

• Mature and extensible

• GUI and CLI modes

• Large community

How it compares to Playwright Test: Completely different purpose—use for load/perf, not functional UI flows.

Jest

What it is: Popular JS testing framework for unit and component tests. Core strengths:

• Great DX and speed

• Snapshots and mocks

• Huge ecosystem

How it compares to Playwright Test: Best for unit/component testing; can drive Playwright via custom setup if you prefer Jest as your runner.

Karate

What it is: DSL for API testing with UI support via Playwright/WebDriver. Core strengths:

• Simple DSL for APIs

• Built-in assertions

• Can extend to UI

How it compares to Playwright Test: Choose when API-first DSL matters; UI via Playwright/WebDriver bridges the gap.

Katalon Platform (Studio)

What it is: All-in-one low-code testing for web, mobile, API, and desktop. Core strengths:

• Recorder and analytics

• Broad platform support

• Built-in reports and CI

How it compares to Playwright Test: A broader commercial suite for multiple testing types; more accessible to mixed-skill teams.

LambdaTest

What it is: Cloud grid for browsers and mobile devices. Core strengths:

• Wide browser/device matrix

• Parallel test execution

• Supports major frameworks

How it compares to Playwright Test: Executes your Playwright tests at scale; complements by providing infrastructure.

Lighthouse CI

What it is: Automated audits for performance, a11y, and best practices. Core strengths:

• Performance budgets

• A11y checks

• Easy CI integration

How it compares to Playwright Test: Not a functional runner; use alongside Playwright to guard performance and standards.

LoadRunner

What it is: Enterprise load and performance testing suite. Core strengths:

• High-scale load

• Protocol variety

• Enterprise reporting

How it compares to Playwright Test: Focused on performance; pair with Playwright for UI functionality.

Locust

What it is: Python-based load testing that models user behavior. Core strengths:

• Python DSL

• Distributed load

• Developer-friendly

How it compares to Playwright Test: Performance-only; complements Playwright’s functional focus.

Loki

What it is: Visual regression for Storybook components. Core strengths:

• Component-level diffs

• Storybook integration

• Lightweight setup

How it compares to Playwright Test: Ideal for component visuals; use Playwright Test for full E2E flows.

Mabl

What it is: Low-code, AI-assisted E2E testing for web and APIs. Core strengths:

• Self-healing tests

• Cloud-first execution

• Reporting and insights

How it compares to Playwright Test: Commercial, low-code alternative; reduces code, adds analytics.

Micro Focus Silk Test

What it is: Functional UI automation for desktop and web. Core strengths:

• Enterprise tooling

• Legacy app support

• Centralized management

How it compares to Playwright Test: Better for legacy/desktop; Playwright Test excels at modern web.

Microsoft Playwright Testing

What it is: Managed cloud service for Playwright runs. Core strengths:

• Scalable parallelism

• Smart retries and insights

• Seamless Playwright integration

How it compares to Playwright Test: It’s an execution platform for Playwright; complements rather than replaces the runner.

NeoLoad

What it is: Enterprise load testing tool for web, APIs, and protocols. Core strengths:

• Enterprise workflows

• Realistic user modeling

• Rich analysis

How it compares to Playwright Test: Use for performance engineering; Playwright Test remains for functional tests.

New Relic Synthetics

What it is: Scripted browser and API checks within New Relic. Core strengths:

• Production monitoring

• Alerting and SLIs

• Unified observability

How it compares to Playwright Test: Focused on live monitoring; not a local dev runner.

Nightwatch.js

What it is: E2E testing over WebDriver/DevTools with a modern JS API. Core strengths:

• Simple setup

• Multi-browser support

• Integrations and plugins

How it compares to Playwright Test: Similar role; choose based on API preference and ecosystem fit.

OWASP ZAP

What it is: Open-source DAST scanner for web and APIs. Core strengths:

• Automated scans

• CI/CD friendly

• Active community

How it compares to Playwright Test: Security-first and complementary; not a UI flow runner.

Pa11y

What it is: CLI-based accessibility testing for the web. Core strengths:

• A11y rule coverage

• CI-friendly

• Easy to script

How it compares to Playwright Test: Use alongside Playwright to automate a11y checks.

Percy

What it is: Visual snapshot testing with CI integrations. Core strengths:

• Visual diffs

• Parallel rendering

• Rich integrations

How it compares to Playwright Test: Pairs well with Playwright to catch visual regressions.

Perfecto

What it is: Enterprise cloud of real devices and browsers. Core strengths:

• Real-device lab

• Analytics at scale

• Enterprise support

How it compares to Playwright Test: Infrastructure to run your Playwright/Selenium tests; not a runner.

Pingdom

What it is: Uptime and transaction monitoring for web and APIs. Core strengths:

• Reliable uptime checks

• Transaction monitors

• Alerts and reporting

How it compares to Playwright Test: Production monitoring complement, not a dev/test runner.

Playwright

What it is: The core browser automation library for Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit. Core strengths:

• Auto-waiting and reliability

• Multi-language SDKs

• Powerful debugging

How it compares to Playwright Test: Use Playwright with any runner (Jest, Mocha) if you prefer a different test framework than Playwright Test.

Playwright Component Testing

What it is: Component-first testing for multiple web frameworks using real browsers. Core strengths:

• True browser rendering

• Framework adapters

• Fast feedback

How it compares to Playwright Test: Narrower scope; it’s for components, while Playwright Test covers full E2E.

Protractor (deprecated)

What it is: Former Angular E2E framework (now deprecated). Core strengths:

• Historical Angular integration

• Familiar for legacy apps

• Community patterns

How it compares to Playwright Test: Protractor is deprecated; migrate to Playwright Test or another modern framework.

QA Wolf

What it is: E2E testing as a service built on open tooling (Playwright-based). Core strengths:

• Done-for-you tests

• 24/7 monitoring

• Flake handling

How it compares to Playwright Test: Outsourced testing that often uses Playwright under the hood; a service layer over tooling.

Ranorex

What it is: Codeless/scripted E2E testing for desktop, web, and mobile. Core strengths:

• Object repository

• Robust recorder

• Enterprise reporting

How it compares to Playwright Test: Broader platform support and low-code; better for mixed-skill, multi-platform teams.

Robot Framework + SeleniumLibrary

What it is: Keyword-driven test framework with a large ecosystem. Core strengths:

• Readable keywords

• Extensible libraries

• Multi-language via libraries

How it compares to Playwright Test: Prefer if keyword-driven authoring is required; can integrate with Playwright via libraries.

Sahi Pro

What it is: E2E automation for complex enterprise web/desktop apps. Core strengths:

• Robust selectors

• Record/playback + scripting

• Enterprise support

How it compares to Playwright Test: Built for tough enterprise apps; Playwright Test is leaner and code-centric.

Sauce Labs

What it is: Cloud platform for real devices, emulators, and browsers. Core strengths:

• Massive device/browser lab

• Analytics and debugging

• Supports major frameworks

How it compares to Playwright Test: A place to run Playwright tests at scale; not a test runner itself.

Selene (Yashaka)

What it is: Pythonic wrapper over Selenium inspired by Selenide. Core strengths:

• Fluent Python API

• Smart waits

• Readable tests

How it compares to Playwright Test: If your team is Python-first, Selene is ergonomic; Playwright Test is stronger in JS/TS DX.

Selenide

What it is: Java wrapper over Selenium with concise APIs and waits. Core strengths:

• Fluent Java DSL

• Auto-waits and stability

• Active community

How it compares to Playwright Test: Ideal for Java shops; Playwright Test shines for JS/TS teams.

Selenium

What it is: The standard WebDriver ecosystem for cross-browser automation. Core strengths:

• Multi-language support

• Huge community

• Broad tool compatibility

How it compares to Playwright Test: More generic and flexible; Playwright Test is opinionated with modern debugging and auto-waiting.

Serenity BDD

What it is: BDD-oriented automation and reporting with Screenplay pattern. Core strengths:

• Rich reports

• Screenplay design

• Integrates with Cucumber/JUnit

How it compares to Playwright Test: Choose when BDD and advanced reporting are priorities; integrates with WebDriver.

Squish

What it is: GUI automation for Qt/QML, embedded, desktop, and web. Core strengths:

• Strong Qt/embedded support

• Multi-language scripting

• Cross-platform

How it compares to Playwright Test: Targets UIs Playwright cannot reach (Qt/embedded); heavier but broader.

Storybook Test Runner

What it is: Test your stories in a browser (Playwright-powered), often paired with visual tools. Core strengths:

• Tests UI states

• Fast component checks

• Pairs with visual diffs

How it compares to Playwright Test: Component-focused; Playwright Test covers full end-to-end user journeys.

Taiko

What it is: ThoughtWorks’ readable browser automation for Chromium. Core strengths:

• Human-readable APIs

• Smart selectors

• Good DX

How it compares to Playwright Test: Simpler API and Chromium focus; Playwright Test offers tri-browser support and richer tooling.

TestCafe

What it is: E2E web testing without WebDriver, with isolation and strong concurrency. Core strengths:

• No WebDriver dependency

• Simple setup

• Stable parallel runs

How it compares to Playwright Test: Similar purpose with a different architecture; choose based on API and stability needs.

TestCafe Studio

What it is: Commercial IDE for TestCafe with codeless authoring. Core strengths:

• Recorder-driven authoring

• Debugging UI

• Commercial support

How it compares to Playwright Test: A codeless alternative built on TestCafe; Playwright Test is code-first.

TestComplete

What it is: SmartBear’s codeless/scripted E2E suite for web, mobile, and desktop. Core strengths:

• Record/playback + code

• Object repository

• Enterprise CI/reporting

How it compares to Playwright Test: Broader platform and codeless options; Playwright Test is lighter and dev-centric.

Testim

What it is: AI-assisted E2E testing with self-healing locators. Core strengths:

• Smart, resilient selectors

• Low-code flows

• CI/CD integrations

How it compares to Playwright Test: Commercial low-code approach vs. code-first; speeds authoring for non-developers.

Tricentis Tosca

What it is: Enterprise model-based test automation, strong for SAP and packaged apps. Core strengths:

• Model-based authoring

• Wide tech coverage

• Enterprise governance

How it compares to Playwright Test: Better for large enterprises and packaged apps; heavier and costlier than Playwright Test.

UFT One (formerly QTP)

What it is: Enterprise GUI automation for desktop and web. Core strengths:

• Legacy technology support

• Enterprise tooling

• Robust recorder

How it compares to Playwright Test: Suited for legacy/enterprise environments; Playwright Test is modern and lean.

Virtuoso

What it is: NLP/vision-driven E2E testing for web and mobile. Core strengths:

• Natural-language steps

• Vision-based targeting

• Cloud execution

How it compares to Playwright Test: Low-code/NLP approach vs. code-first; helpful for broader team participation.

Vitest

What it is: Vite-native unit/component test runner for JS/TS. Core strengths:

• Very fast execution

• DX aligned with Vite

• Great for components

How it compares to Playwright Test: Best for unit/component tests; can pair with Playwright for E2E.

Watir

What it is: Ruby-based browser automation (Web Application Testing in Ruby). Core strengths:

• Simple Ruby API

• Solid community

• Good abstractions

How it compares to Playwright Test: Ruby-first ergonomics vs. JS/TS; choose based on language preference.

WebdriverIO

What it is: Modern JS/TS test runner over WebDriver/DevTools; supports web and mobile via Appium. Core strengths:

• Flexible architecture

• Huge plugin ecosystem

• Multi-runner support

How it compares to Playwright Test: Similar capability with a different foundation; pick based on framework ecosystem and plugin needs.

axe-core / axe DevTools

What it is: Accessibility engine and toolset from Deque. Core strengths:

• Strong a11y rules

• Browser/CI integrations

• Developer-friendly

How it compares to Playwright Test: Adds automated a11y coverage alongside your Playwright suites.

k6

What it is: Scriptable performance testing with great developer experience. Core strengths:

• JavaScript scripts

• Cloud and OSS options

• Integrates with Grafana

How it compares to Playwright Test: Performance-focused; use together with Playwright for full coverage.

reg-suit

What it is: CI-friendly visual regression comparison tool. Core strengths:

• Baseline management

• CI/CD integration

• Flexible storage

How it compares to Playwright Test: Adds visual diffs; you can invoke it in the same pipeline as Playwright Test.

testRigor

What it is: Natural-language E2E testing for web and mobile. Core strengths:

• English-like test steps

• Self-healing capabilities

• Cloud execution

How it compares to Playwright Test: Great for teams wanting minimal code; Playwright Test offers code-first precision and flexibility.

Things to consider before choosing a Playwright Test alternative

• Project scope and platforms: Do you need only web, or also native mobile, desktop, SAP, or embedded?

• Language and skills: What languages does your team prefer—JS/TS, Java, Python, C#, Ruby—or do you need low-code/no-code?

• Setup and onboarding: How quickly can new contributors create, run, and debug tests?

• Execution speed and stability: Are auto-waits, smart retries, and parallelism available and reliable?

• CI/CD integration: Is first-class support available for your CI, containerization, and artifact storage?

• Debugging and observability: Do you get traces, screenshots, network logs, and dashboards for triage?

• Community and ecosystem: Is the ecosystem active with plugins, docs, and examples?

• Scalability and infrastructure: Will you run locally, on self-hosted grids, or managed device/browser clouds?

• Test types: Do you also need visual, accessibility, performance, security, or synthetics monitoring?

• Governance and cost: Consider licensing, vendor support, role-based access, and total cost of ownership.

Conclusion

Playwright Test remains a powerful, modern choice for web testing: it’s fast, reliable, open source, and developer-friendly with excellent tracing and reporting. Yet no single tool fits every team or requirement. If you need native mobile, enterprise governance, codeless authoring, or specialized testing like visual, accessibility, performance, or DAST, the alternatives above can fill those gaps—or complement Playwright in a broader strategy.

• Choose Appium, Perfecto, BitBar, Sauce Labs, or LambdaTest when device coverage and real-device testing matter.

• Pick Applitools, Percy, BackstopJS, Loki, Happo, or reg-suit for visual regressions.

• Use axe-core, Pa11y, or Lighthouse CI to enforce accessibility and best practices.

• Reach for k6, Gatling, JMeter, Artillery, LoadRunner, NeoLoad, or Locust for performance at scale.

• Consider Cypress, WebdriverIO, TestCafe, Nightwatch.js, Selenium/Selenide/Selene/Watir, or Taiko if you prefer a different E2E paradigm or language.

• For collaboration and governance, look at Cucumber, Gauge, Serenity BDD, Katalon, TestComplete, Tricentis Tosca, Ranorex, or UFT One.

• For production monitoring, Datadog Synthetics, New Relic Synthetics, Pingdom, and Checkly provide continuous assurance.

• If you want to keep Playwright but scale its execution, Microsoft Playwright Testing and major device/browser clouds offer managed infrastructure.

In practice, many high-performing teams mix tools: Playwright Test for E2E flows, a visual regression system for look-and-feel, an accessibility auditor in CI, and a load-testing platform for performance. Start from your goals and constraints, map them to the categories above, and choose a stack that keeps tests reliable, maintainable, and fast.